Sources & credits
What we cite,
and who made it.
We rely on authoritative medical sources and openly-licensed imagery. Everything below is properly credited; if you spot a missing attribution, let us know.
Medical references
All MyHealthyFeet content is written in our own words by a board-certified podiatrist. We don't reproduce text from other websites or professional society materials. The public-domain US government resources below are the kinds of background references our content is grounded in.
NIH MedlinePlus ↗
Consumer health information from the US National Library of Medicine. Public domain.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) ↗
Public health information on infectious disease, diabetes, and injury prevention. Works of the US federal government — public domain.
NIH National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) ↗
Federal research institute publishing patient-facing material on musculoskeletal and skin conditions. Public domain.
NIH National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) ↗
Federal research institute. Source for diabetes, neuropathy, and circulatory complications information. Public domain.
US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ↗
Drug, device, and product safety information. Works of the US federal government — public domain.
PubMed (NCBI / NIH) ↗
Public-access database of peer-reviewed biomedical literature. Where we read primary research that informs our writing.
Image credits
X-ray of normal right foot by dorsoplantar projection
CC0 1.0 (Public Domain Dedication)- Author
- Mikael Häggström, M.D.
- File
foot-xray-dorsal.jpg- Used for
- X-ray panel — top view in the interactive foot atlas and homepage hero.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
X-ray of normal right foot by lateral projection
CC0 1.0 (Public Domain Dedication)- Author
- Mikael Häggström, M.D.
- File
foot-xray-lateral.jpg- Used for
- X-ray panel — side view in the interactive foot atlas.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Interdigital athlete's foot (Tinea pedis)
CC BY-SA 3.0- Author
- James Heilman, MD
- File
athletes-foot.jpg- Used for
- Condition page — Athlete's Foot (Tinea Pedis). Shows moccasin-type tinea pedis with diffuse scaling and peeling across the soles of both feet.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Tophaceous gout of the first MTP joint
CC BY 4.0- Author
- Chainwit.
- File
gout.jpg- Used for
- Condition page — Gout. Shows tophaceous gout affecting the left first metatarsophalangeal joint.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Onychomycosis (toenail fungus) of both great toes
Public domain (US Government work)- Author
- Dr. Edwin P. Ewing, Jr. / CDC
- File
toenail-fungus.jpg- Used for
- Condition page — Toenail Fungus. CDC PHIL image #579 showing onychomycosis caused by Trichophyton rubrum on both great toes.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Tarsal tunnel anatomy — tibial nerve, posterior tibial artery, FDL, FHL, tibialis posterior tendon, flexor retinaculum
CC BY 4.0- Author
- Williams N, Willet J, Clark D, Ketteridge D
- File
tarsal-tunnel-anatomy.png- Used for
- Condition pages — Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome and Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction. Anatomic diagram of the tarsal tunnel structures.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Sobotta's Atlas (1909), Plate 315 — peroneus longus, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis brevis
Public domain (pre-1929)- Author
- Johannes Sobotta
- File
sobotta-1909-plate-315.jpg- Used for
- Condition pages — Peroneal Tendinitis, Peroneal Tendon Tear, Peroneal Subluxation, and Extensor Tendinitis. Anatomic plate showing lateral and dorsal tendons.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Sobotta's Atlas (1909), Plate 316 — flexor hallucis longus, FDL, tibialis posterior, Achilles tendon, tarsal tunnel
Public domain (pre-1929)- Author
- Johannes Sobotta
- File
sobotta-1909-plate-316.jpg- Used for
- Condition pages — Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction and Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome. Anatomic plate showing posterior compartment of leg and foot.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Sobotta's Atlas (1909), Plate 155 — tarsal sinus and surrounding structures
Public domain (pre-1929)- Author
- Johannes Sobotta
- File
sobotta-1909-plate-155.jpg- Used for
- Condition page — Sinus Tarsi Syndrome. Anatomic plate showing the lateral foot and sinus tarsi.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Gray's Anatomy (1918), Plate 271 — left talus seen from below
Public domain (pre-1929)- Author
- Henry Vandyke Carter (illustrator); Henry Gray (author)
- File
gray-1918-plate-271.png- Used for
- Condition pages — Sinus Tarsi Syndrome and Osteochondral Lesion of the Talus. Anatomic plate showing the talus from below.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Sgarlato's angle of metatarsus adductus
CC0 1.0 (Public Domain Dedication)- Author
- Mikael Häggström, M.D.
- File
metatarsus-adductus.svg- Used for
- Condition page — Intoeing & Out-toeing. Diagram of metatarsus adductus measurement.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Plantar fascia anatomy — frontal plane bands and posterior calcaneal insertion
CC BY 4.0- Author
- Latorre-Román et al. (Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022)
- File
plantar-fascia-anatomy.jpg- Used for
- Condition page — Plantar Fasciitis. Anatomic diagram of the plantar fascia.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Tailor's bunion (bunionette) — AP X-ray showing increased 4th intermetatarsal angle
CC BY-SA 4.0- Author
- Hellerhoff
- File
tailors-bunion-xray.jpg- Used for
- Condition page — Tailor's Bunion. AP X-ray of the bunionette deformity.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Hallux rigidus — AP X-ray showing 1st MTP degenerative changes
CC BY 4.0- Author
- Kon Kam King et al.
- File
hallux-rigidus-ap.jpg- Used for
- Condition page — Hallux Rigidus. AP weight-bearing X-ray showing joint-space narrowing.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Hallux rigidus — lateral X-ray showing dorsal osteophyte
CC BY 4.0- Author
- Kon Kam King et al.
- File
hallux-rigidus-lateral.jpg- Used for
- Condition page — Hallux Rigidus. Lateral X-ray showing dorsal osteophyte over the first metatarsal head.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Congenital hallux varus — clinical photograph
CC BY 4.0- Author
- Mishra et al., Cureus 2021
- File
hallux-varus.jpg- Used for
- Condition page — Hallux Varus. Clinical photograph showing medial deviation of the great toe.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Turf toe — MRI showing capsuloligamentous rupture of the 1st MTP joint
CC BY 4.0- Author
- Cureus surgical management series
- File
turf-toe-mri.jpg- Used for
- Condition page — Turf Toe. MRI demonstrating plantar plate complex disruption.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Turf toe — X-ray showing 1st MTP subluxation
CC BY 4.0- Author
- Cureus surgical management series
- File
turf-toe-xray.jpg- Used for
- Condition page — Turf Toe. X-ray (oblique view) showing 1st MTP joint subluxation.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Freiberg's disease — X-ray showing flattened second metatarsal head
CC BY 4.0- Author
- Cureus 2024 case report
- File
freibergs-xray.jpg- Used for
- Condition page — Freiberg's Disease. X-ray showing flattening and remodeling of the second metatarsal head.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Stress fracture of the second metatarsal — X-ray
CC BY 4.0- Author
- Cureus case report
- File
stress-fracture-2nd-mt-xray.jpg- Used for
- Condition pages — Stress Fractures and Metatarsal Fracture. Pre-treatment X-ray showing diffuse sclerotic changes.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Stress fracture of the second metatarsal — MRI showing bone marrow edema
CC BY 4.0- Author
- Cureus case report
- File
stress-fracture-2nd-mt-mri.jpg- Used for
- Condition page — Stress Fractures. Pre-treatment MRI showing diffuse marrow edema and a non-displaced fracture line.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Plantar plate tear — MRI showing complete tear at 2nd MTP
CC BY 4.0- Author
- PMC open-access (Einstein 2022)
- File
plantar-plate-tear-mri.jpg- Used for
- Condition page — Plantar Plate Tear. MRI panels showing soft-tissue changes and discontinuity of the plantar plate.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Plantar plate degenerative injury — MRI eccentric pericapsular thickening
CC BY 4.0- Author
- PMC open-access (Einstein 2022)
- File
plantar-plate-degenerative-mri.jpg- Used for
- Condition pages — Plantar Plate Tear and MTP Capsulitis. MRI showing pericapsular changes consistent with degenerative plantar plate injury.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Cheilectomy — surgical diagram
CC BY 4.0- Author
- Acta Biomed open-access review
- File
hallux-rigidus-cheilectomy.jpg- Used for
- Condition page — Hallux Rigidus (surgical options). Diagram of cheilectomy with 25–30% dorsal metatarsal head resection.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Moberg osteotomy — surgical diagram
CC BY 4.0- Author
- Acta Biomed open-access review
- File
hallux-rigidus-moberg.jpg- Used for
- Condition page — Hallux Rigidus (surgical options). Dorsal closing wedge osteotomy of the proximal phalanx.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
First MTP arthrodesis (fusion) — surgical diagram
CC BY 4.0- Author
- Acta Biomed open-access review
- File
hallux-rigidus-arthrodesis.jpg- Used for
- Condition page — Hallux Rigidus (surgical options). Joint position diagram for arthrodesis (5–15° valgus, 10–20° dorsiflexion).
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Valenti resection arthroplasty — surgical diagram
CC BY 4.0- Author
- Acta Biomed open-access review
- File
hallux-rigidus-valenti.jpg- Used for
- Condition page — Hallux Rigidus (surgical options). Valenti arthroplasty preserving plantar portion of proximal phalanx.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Hamilton arthroplasty — surgical diagram
CC BY 4.0- Author
- Acta Biomed open-access review
- File
hallux-rigidus-hamilton.jpg- Used for
- Condition page — Hallux Rigidus (surgical options). Hamilton arthroplasty with dorsal capsular flap.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
First MTP arthrodesis with crossed-screw fixation — X-ray
CC BY 4.0- Author
- Cureus narrative review on first MTP arthrodesis
- File
mtp-fusion-crossed-screw.jpg- Used for
- Condition page — Hallux Rigidus (surgical options). X-ray showing crossed-screw fixation of first MTP joint fusion.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Accessory navicular Type 1 — Os tibiale externum on X-ray
CC BY-SA 3.0- Author
- Hellerhoff
- File
accessory-navicular-type1.jpg- Used for
- Condition page — Accessory Navicular. X-ray showing Type 1 (round, isolated) accessory navicular bone.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Accessory navicular Types 2 and 3 — bilateral X-ray (right type 2, left type 3 cornuate)
CC0 1.0 (Public Domain Dedication)- Author
- Mikael Häggström, M.D.
- File
accessory-navicular-type2-3.jpg- Used for
- Condition page — Accessory Navicular. Dorsoplantar X-ray showing both Type 2 and Type 3 in the same patient.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Cuboid avulsion fracture — X-ray
CC BY-SA 4.0- Author
- James Heilman, MD (Doc James)
- File
cuboid-avulsion-xray.jpg- Used for
- Condition page — Cuboid Fracture. X-ray showing avulsion fracture of the right cuboid.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Cuboid avulsion fracture — CT
CC BY-SA 4.0- Author
- James Heilman, MD (Doc James)
- File
cuboid-avulsion-ct.jpg- Used for
- Condition page — Cuboid Fracture. CT scan showing avulsion fracture detail.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Köhler's disease — X-ray showing irregular sclerotic navicular bone
CC BY 4.0- Author
- Deshpande et al., Cureus 2023
- File
kohlers-xray.jpg- Used for
- Condition page — Kohler's Disease. AP X-ray of feet showing irregular, sclerosed navicular bone characteristic of Kohler's disease.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Lisfranc injury — bilateral weight-bearing radiographs showing diastasis
CC BY 4.0- Author
- Mark A. Dreyer, DPM
- File
lisfranc-xray.jpg- Used for
- Condition page — Lisfranc Injury. Comparative weight-bearing X-ray showing subtle diastasis of the Lisfranc joint complex.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Midfoot tarsometatarsal arthritis — pre-operative X-ray
CC BY 4.0- Author
- Cureus case report
- File
midfoot-arthritis-xray.jpg- Used for
- Condition page — Midfoot Arthritis. AP and lateral X-rays showing arthritic changes at the 1st, 2nd, and 4th TMT joints.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Navicular fracture / dislocation — pre-operative X-ray
CC BY 4.0- Author
- Cureus case report
- File
navicular-fracture-xray.jpg- Used for
- Condition page — Navicular Fracture. Pre-operative X-ray showing navicular fracture and midfoot dislocation.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Fifth metatarsal proximal fractures — three-zones diagram
CC0 1.0 (Public Domain Dedication)- Author
- Mikael Häggström, M.D.
- File
jones-fracture-zones.jpg- Used for
- Condition page — Jones Fracture. Diagram showing the three zones of proximal fifth metatarsal fractures (avulsion, Jones, diaphyseal stress).
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Jones fracture (Zone 2) — X-ray
CC BY-SA 3.0- Author
- Lucien Monfils (cropped by user Mdscottis)
- File
jones-fracture-xray.jpg- Used for
- Condition page — Jones Fracture. X-ray showing fracture line at the metaphyseal-diaphyseal junction (Zone 2).
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Zone 1 fifth metatarsal avulsion fracture — X-ray
CC BY 4.0- Author
- Cureus case report (os vesalianum)
- File
jones-zone1-avulsion.jpg- Used for
- Condition page — Jones Fracture. X-ray showing Zone 1 (tuberosity avulsion) fracture pattern.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
CAM walker boot — clinical photograph
CC BY 4.0- Author
- Cureus case report
- File
cam-walker-boot.jpg- Used for
- Multiple condition pages — Photograph of CAM walker boot used for offloading after foot fractures and surgery.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Haglund's deformity — bilateral clinical photograph showing prominent posterior heel swelling
CC BY 4.0- Author
- Cureus 2016 case series
- File
haglunds-clinical-photo.jpg- Used for
- Condition page — Haglund's Deformity. Clinical photograph showing the characteristic 'pump bump' on both heels.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Haglund's deformity — lateral X-ray with calcaneal spur
CC BY-SA 3.0- Author
- PabloOKWiki
- File
haglunds-xray.jpg- Used for
- Condition page — Haglund's Deformity (also useful for Heel Spur). Lateral heel X-ray.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Mulholland deformity (Haglund's) — bilateral lateral X-ray
CC BY 4.0- Author
- Cureus 2021 case report
- File
haglunds-bilateral-xray.jpg- Used for
- Condition page — Haglund's Deformity. Bilateral lateral X-ray showing posterior calcaneal prominence.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Calcaneal (heel) spur — projectional radiograph
CC BY-SA 3.0- Author
- Lucien Monfils
- File
heel-spur-xray.jpg- Used for
- Condition page — Heel Spurs. Lateral X-ray of plantar calcaneal spur.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Sever's disease (calcaneal apophysitis) — X-ray showing sclerosis and fragmentation
CC0 1.0 (Public Domain Dedication)- Author
- Mikael Häggström, M.D.
- File
severs-xray.jpg- Used for
- Condition page — Sever's Disease. Lateral X-ray of an 11-year-old's foot showing sclerosis and fragmentation of the calcaneal apophysis.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Achilles tendon rupture — surgical photograph during repair
Public domain (US Government work)- Author
- SSgt. Derrick C. Goode, USAF
- File
achilles-rupture-surgery.jpg- Used for
- Condition page — Achilles Tendon Rupture. Intraoperative photograph showing the torn tendon ends.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Achilles tendon rupture — anatomic illustration
CC BY-SA 4.0- Author
- InjuryMap
- File
achilles-rupture-diagram.svg- Used for
- Condition page — Achilles Tendon Rupture. Diagrammatic illustration of complete Achilles tendon tear.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Insertional Achilles tendinopathy — ultrasound showing intratendinous calcifications
CC BY 4.0- Author
- Cureus 2024 case report
- File
achilles-insertional-us.jpg- Used for
- Condition page — Achilles Tendinitis. Ultrasound showing chronic insertional tendinopathy with intratendinous calcifications.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Midportion Achilles tendinopathy — multimodal imaging
CC BY 4.0- Author
- Cureus 2024 case report
- File
achilles-midportion.jpg- Used for
- Condition page — Achilles Tendinitis (midportion). Imaging panel showing tendon thickening, hypoechoic changes, and increased Doppler signal.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Trimalleolar ankle fracture — pre-operative and post-ORIF X-ray
CC BY-SA 3.0- Author
- Chaim Mintz
- File
trimalleolar-ankle-fracture.jpg- Used for
- Condition page — Ankle Fracture. Trimalleolar fracture X-ray comparison before and after ORIF.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Osteochondral lesion of the talus — coronal CT
CC BY 2.0- Author
- Liem T. Bui-Mansfield et al.
- File
talar-ocd-ct.jpeg- Used for
- Condition page — Osteochondral Lesion of the Talus. CT showing osteochondral lesion with loose body in medial tibial plafond.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Tibial torsion — clinical exam (thigh-foot angle measurement)
CC BY 4.0- Author
- PMC open-access (J Clin Orthop Trauma 2022)
- File
tibial-torsion-clinical-exam.jpg- Used for
- Condition page — Intoeing & Out-toeing. Photograph of thigh-foot angle measurement in prone position.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Femoral anteversion — clinical exam (trochanteric prominence angle test)
CC BY 4.0- Author
- Cureus 2019 case series
- File
femoral-anteversion-clinical.jpg- Used for
- Condition page — Intoeing & Out-toeing. Trochanteric prominence angle test for femoral anteversion measurement.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Femoral anteversion — CT measurement
CC BY 4.0- Author
- Cureus 2019 case series
- File
femoral-anteversion-ct.jpg- Used for
- Condition page — Intoeing & Out-toeing. CT measurement of femoral anteversion angle.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Polydactyly classification — preaxial, postaxial, complex
CC BY 4.0- Author
- Frontiers in Genetics 2018 review
- File
polydactyly-classification.webp- Used for
- Condition page — Polydactyly. Cartoon diagram showing preaxial, postaxial, and complex polydactyly types.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Postaxial polydactyly — Type A subtypes (PAPA1–PAPA7, PAP type A-EVC)
CC BY 4.0- Author
- Frontiers in Genetics 2018 review
- File
polydactyly-type-a-subtypes.webp- Used for
- Condition page — Polydactyly. Diagram showing all postaxial Type A polydactyly subtypes.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Toe box size comparison — wide vs narrow
CC BY-SA 4.0- Author
- Modifyphysio
- File
shoe-toe-box-comparison.jpg- Used for
- Multiple condition pages — Diagram comparing wide vs narrow toe-box shoe widths.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Metatarsal pad orthotic — insole with retrocapital bar
CC BY 4.0- Author
- Acta Biomed open-access (Civinini-Morton review)
- File
met-pad-orthotic.jpg- Used for
- Condition pages — Morton's Neuroma, MTP Capsulitis, Plantar Plate Tear. Photo of metatarsal pad on insole.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Appropriate shoe — wide-toe-box, low-heel example
CC BY 4.0- Author
- Acta Biomed open-access (Civinini-Morton review)
- File
appropriate-shoe.jpg- Used for
- Condition pages — Morton's Neuroma, Bunion. Example of an appropriate shoe with adequate toe-box width and low heel.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Custom toe insert — orthotic accessory
CC BY 4.0- Author
- Acta Biomed open-access (Civinini-Morton review)
- File
custom-toe-insert.jpg- Used for
- Condition pages — Hammertoes, MTP Capsulitis. Photograph of custom toe insert orthotic accessory.
- Source
- View on Wikimedia Commons ↗
Editorial standards
Foot health is "Your Money or Your Life" content — accuracy here materially affects real people. Our workflow reflects that.
Original wording, clinical foundation
Every condition is written in original language by a board-certified podiatrist drawing on clinical training, public-domain US government health resources (NIH MedlinePlus, CDC, NIAMS, NIDDK, FDA), and primary peer-reviewed literature accessed through PubMed. We do not reproduce text from other websites.
Plain language
Clinical terminology gets explained, not deleted. We translate the substance without dumbing it down — because patients deserve the real information.
Cautious framing
"May," "commonly," "your doctor might recommend" — never imperative diagnosis or prescription. We describe; we don't prescribe.
Visible status
Pages that haven't been fully reviewed are clearly marked as drafts so readers know when content is still being developed.
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